The Moral Argument from Obligation

1. If there are objectively binding moral obligations, then God exists. (Probably)
2. There are objectively binding moral obligations.
3. So, God exists. (Probably)

Objections

• error theory (premise 2)
• relativism
• non-realism
• moral obligations are brute facts
• but they would be odd facts in a naturalistic universe
• utilitarianism: obligation to maximize the good
• but unjust consequences
• but problems with impartiality
• social contract
• actual or hypothetical agreement
• actual: have we entered it? And is there only one? And is it binding like morality is? Why include benefits to those who won’t help me?
• hypothetical: why obligatory?
• Kantian self-legislation
• we cannot bind ourselves
• do we all have a practical identity that recognizes the worth of others? Aristotle!

Two Theistic Theories of Morality

· Modified Divine Command Theory: God lovingly commands us to act in ways that it would be good for us to act in.

· Natural Law: God creates us with a human nature and we ought to act in accordance with our human nature.